Night Flying Woman Essay Example

Late evening Flying Woman Paper Gina Plumer Night Flying Woman Assignment American Indian Social Welfare Perspective The book that I chose to peruse was Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker. The inborn personality in the book was Oibwe from the White Earth Band. Ms. Agent began the book from the current day in Minneapolis where she grew up. There wasn’t much culture to be seen, and the more youthful ages were getting excessively lost in the new world. Ms. Intermediary made a point to make reference to that she despite everything showed her youngsters the Ojibwe ways, and disclosed to them the accounts that her grandma had once advised her. All through Ignatia Broker’s initial section, we got a feeling of the measure of regard she had for you extraordinary distant grandma Oona, or Night Flying Woman. At the point when Ms. Dealer originally moved to Minneapolis, she lived in a differing neighborhood, intensely populated with Latinos. She portrayed being a Native American lady experiencing childhood in the urban Minneapolis region. From the time she had first moved there until now she was expounding on, there had been an expansion in the Native populace. With the expansion in populace, she clarified how where she lived abruptly was encircled by production lines and turnpikes. A large number of the Ojibwe individuals in Minneapolis distinguished themselves as Native American from a specific, dislike a faction as they did in her extraordinary incredible grandmother’s adolescence. Her initial presentation was clarifying the distinctions of the land and customs of the past to the current way. The book at that point started to recount to the individual story of Ignatia Broker’s incredible extraordinary grandma Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe, or Night Flying Woman. Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe was a lone youngster to Me-ow-ga-bo (Outstanding), and Wa-wi-e-cu-mig-go-gwe (Round Earth). Three weeks after birth, in Indian convention, came when naming must be arranged. Oona’s guardians talked with Grandfather and Grandmother and concluded that A-wa-sa-si would be the namer. A-wa-sa-si picked the name Ni-bo-wi-se-gwe (Night Flying Woman) in light of the fact that Oona was conceived during the murkiness of the day. The innate character was Ojibwe, and the town that they lived in was exceptionally affectionate. Everybody that lived in the town was acceptable at something and they helped each other out when they required it. For example, some were acceptable at ricing, some at chasing, at picking berries, some at sugaring, and some at making necessities. We will compose a custom article test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Night Flying Woman explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It was nature we could just seek after nowadays. The seniors were regarded above every other person, and they were to consistently talk first. The youngsters were to begin taking in the conventions from birth with the goal that they would be effective at an early age. The family structure was open, and I could without much of a stretch recognize who was in the positions of authority. During childbirth, Oona’s guardians were her folks, however she additionally sought her grandparents for direction. At the point when she was given her Indian name, she admired her name supplier too. The duty of Oona as a youngster was to become familiar with the customs and the Ojibwe lifestyle. She was to help with the ricing, chasing, berries, sugaring, and berries for one day she would need to do everything all alone. She was trained that when she entered her grandma and grandfather’s home, she was not to state a word until she was addressed. On the off chance that nothing was said by them, nothing would be said in kind by Oona. The jobs and duties that everybody in the town was given relied upon the qualities that they had as a person. In the new land, Oona’s individuals weren’t ready to chase, fish, pick berries, or do any of their standard things openly. They were to fabricate genuine houses, and wear genuine garments like the â€Å"strangers†. Before long a short time later, the outsiders requested that the youngsters go to class, which before long transformed into all inclusive school in view of the separation it was from their homes. At the life experience schools, the Native youngsters had to communicate in English and overlook their customary ways. They were beaten on the off chance that they resisted their educators. This brought the book into how the Native culture is today. There aren’t numerous familiar Ojibwe individuals, and kids are encouraged the standard strategies for endurance they were back before settlements were made. At the point when the European pioneers came over and began taking once again the land, it filled in as a defining moment of the Ojibwe culture and the way that they rehearsed their ways. At the point when the Europeans came over, Oona and her family members had to get together and move their things twice. The land that had a place with them their entire lives were being taken over by pioneers that idea they â€Å"found† the land. After they had moved, they had to begin living how the new pioneers were. While the youngsters were learning the new ways, the grown-ups were too. Oona’s father had gone to a timber camp to work. He went to attempt to procure enough cash to assemble the sorts of houses that the new pilgrims had just worked for themselves. The Native lady started to get familiar with the family needs, and the English language also. They made garments like the new pioneers, and even friended a large number of them. The lifestyle that they were once used to was turning out to be only a spot in their recollections. As the age passes, Oona consistently made sure to tell the offspring of how life used to be, and the conventions that were polished. She perceived that the youngsters would get the way of life with them the ages to come, however it could never be as conventional as it once might have been. Oona’s family adapted to the progressions by having gatherings with the older folks, and getting their perspective on the new pilgrims. There was very little that should be possible to spare their property and continue living in the way that they were utilized to. It appeared just as they all had each other despite the fact that their lives were evolving radically. Oona’s granddad once said â€Å"the timberlands have never fizzled us†. I don’t imagine that they could possibly do, yet the new pilgrims and their new ways certainly did. It wasn’t a decision for Oona’s family to hold fast to the better approach forever, yet the choice was at that point made for them by the new pioneers. I imagine that as hard as it sounded, the family adapted to the progressions well overall. In the book, it was before government and state strategy was made. Albeit, ancestral reservations were really taking shape, and the portions of land that were being put something aside for the Indian individuals was spread out. At the point when a white man appears with a paper that must be complied, it was required the individuals to move to the White Earth reservation. It was government strategy around then, during the 1840s, to move all northern Midwest U. S. Indians there in a sort of inhumane imprisonment. They had the option to continue their conventional life until the live-in school time started. This was the point at which the United States was getting increasingly bound together, and the land was being dispersed among the new pilgrims and the Ojibwe individuals. At the point when the reservations were made, this was the main spot where the Native Americans could chase, fish, rice, sugar, plant, and pick berries. They could not, at this point set up summer and spring towns off kilter to approach their customary ways. Ms. Agent made reference to the terrible dietary patterns that numerous Native Americans have today because of the change in conventional food gathering. On the off chance that the Native Americans had the option to gather food as they did before the new pilgrims, there wouldn’t be such a serious extent of heftiness and diabetes on the reservations today. In the book, Oona’s family consistently figured out how to get off their assigned land and accumulate more food, however I’m sure the ages to come discovered this progressively troublesome. Fitting abilities that a social laborer could use to fortify and bolster the families would initially off to know about the historical backdrop of Native Americans. To know about the progressions that they needed to make to be a current culture today. A social specialist could work with relatives one on one, yet additionally in a gathering setting to perceive how they respond in the various manners. A social laborer could get mindful of what the difficulties this specific family would confront, and furthermore the recorded injury that they may be experiencing. Exercises that a social laborer could have would be meetings on getting familiar with the notable culture. Numerous Native American individuals today aren’t mindful of the things that our precursors needed to experience when the new pilgrims came over. Our predecessors were acclimatized into the cutting edge culture, and it would be useful for our way of life today to know the progressions that were made. In the event that there were a secondary school or center school social laborer helping these families, they could help shape Native American exercises after school. Exercises like stoneware and beading, or even a language extra-curricular. There could be numerous alternatives accessible to assist Native with peopling become in contact with their way of life more. Toward the finish of the book, Ms. Dealer made it significant that the more youthful age flourishes to know the way of life, and the tales of the past. It resembled a rotating entryway of information in her family with respect to the tales being gone down through the ages. I believe that if everybody knew these difficulties that the Native American individuals confronted, they would have more regard for the way of life, and the individuals of the way of life. It is fascinating to perceive what number of individuals aren’t mindful of the progressions the Native American individuals experienced all together for the European pioneers to settle here and consider it their home. The Chippewa or Ojibwe t

Financial Market in Abu Dhabi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money related Market in Abu Dhabi - Essay Example The worldwide conditions where the systems have been actualized to build up the money related markets have changed radically on account of the general budgetary emergency. Be that as it may, the GCC (for example the Corporation Council of the Arab States in the Gulf Region) gets an opportunity to prevail with regards to building up the money related markets and thus advancing their seriousness. Monetary condition in the GCC advertise is bolstered by the region’s riches because of their high oil and gas supplies. The previous not many long stretches of monetary disturbance have likewise called attention to the difficulties and the need to a greater and increasingly successful and develop money related markets. There are countless auxiliary elements which will decide the advancement prospect identified with the money related markets in the Gulf area in the following not many years (Deutsche Bank AG, 2012). ... Abu Dhabi: Leading in the Middle East area in regard of the Investors Confidence Abu Dhabi is seen as a passage for the greater part of the financial specialists due to its area, the monetary approaches which are business amicable in nature and furthermore the advances in various areas. As indicated by the speculators, they are certain that the money related market of this nation is probably the best alternative where they can make ventures. Joined Arab Emirates is driving the Middle East district as far as picking up the investor’s certainty. Abu Dhabi has gotten one of the top goals for making venture. It will keep on extending due to its positive experience, incredible exhibitions and the fascination of the new speculators in putting resources into its money related market. Abu Dhabi Financial Market United Arab Emirates recently had a casual securities exchange from the year 1986 with in excess of ninety recorded organizations recorded in this financial exchange and exchan ged from here. Be that as it may, the exchanging was confined to portions of just 32 to 36 organizations in light of the fact that the portions of a large portion of the organizations were held by government or high total assets people. The casual market of United Arab Emirates existed before the foundation of the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange (ADX) in Abu Dhabi and Dubai Financial Market (DFM) in Dubai in the year 2000. Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange was built up on fifteenth November 2000 by the Local Law No. (3) 2000. It was built up as one of the legitimate elements with self-sufficient status. Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange has the lawful authority of setting up branches and focuses outside the Emirates of Abu Dhabi. Presently, ADX has its activities in Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah and Zaayed City and

How to Develop a Leadership Philosophy that Inspires

How to Develop a Leadership Philosophy that Inspires Think about the most successful leaders in the world, past and present. If you were to compare them with inefficient leaders, the difference wouldn’t necessarily come from their skills. The more important factor would be how the successful leaders would be able to provide you with a clear and defined approach to how they lead other people: their leadership philosophy.In this guide, we’ll define what leadership philosophy is and the benefits of having one. We’ll explore the idea of publishing your statement and provide you the four steps required for creating a leadership philosophy to guide your leadership. WHAT IS A LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY?The combination of leadership and philosophy might sound rather odd. On the face of it, the terms don’t seem to have much in common. So, what does leadership philosophy mean? To understand it, it’s a good idea to first examine the two words separately, as it’ll allow you to understand how they can fit together to provide you with guidance in leadership.The definition of philosophyWhen you think about philosophy, you’ll probably first think about some of the greatest thinkers of our time, such as Voltaire, Plato and Descartes. Furthermore, you probably haven’t thought about using philosophy in your everyday life and the concepts and ideas might sound a little bit difficult to comprehend. But as one the oldest disciplines in the world, philosophy has plenty to offer and it’s part of our everyday experience whether we consciously think about it.The word philosophy literally translates to “the love of wisdom”. The Oxford Dictionary defines philosophy as, “a theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for behavior”. Indeed, the guiding idea of philosophy is to live a good life. It’s about striving for expertise and personal as well as collective fulfillment. Philosophy could be seen as the personal foundation or belief in human nature; for working to live your life to the fullest. Through philosophy, you create a system of thought to support your journey and obtain the guiding principles to use for action or non-action.Watch the intriguing video by the School of Life to understand why philosophy matters to all of us. The definition of leadershipWhat about leadership’s definition? Just like field of philosophy with its multiple thinkers and theories, leadership has a number of definitions. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the essence of leadership is “the action of leading a group of people or an organisation, or the ability to do this”. But as mentioned, the definitions have evolved out of this t echnical view, with different people viewing the topic through a slightly different viewpoint.At its core, leadership is about the ability to influence other people and to create a movement towards a specific objective. Having a vision to which the team moves forward to is crucial. Furthermore, the emphasis is on inspiration because leadership is not the same as bossing someone around to do what you want. A leader inspires through his or her vision and motivates by leading by example rather than telling and intimidating a desired action.The components of a leadership philosophyThe above definitions might already help you understand the connection between leadership and philosophy. When you combine philosophy, the guiding principles, and leadership, which is the model behavior for inspiring others, you create a theory or an attitude, which provides the norms for behavior and action. The definition is brought to life with four key components, which are:A theory â€" The way you define leadership and what’s it about.An attitude â€" Your mindset in regards of approaching leadership.Guiding principles â€" The principles and values you hold dear when you are thinking about leading others.Behavior â€" The behaviors you showcase in your journey to reach the desired results and outcomes.You could view leadership philosophy as a compass â€" it helps define your expectations, your values and provide the roadmap for actions. With a clear leadership philosophy, you create a focused thought system surrounding your leadership, and you define the behaviors and attitudes you want to cultivate in yourself, but also in others. Leadership doesn’t just provide focus for you personally, but it can allow the people around you to know what to expect from your leadership.Examples of leadership philosophiesJust as there are differences in what philosophers think and divergence in how leadership is defined, leadership philosophies also come in a number of different flavors and styles . Since the framework is based on personal values, leaders can approach it from different angles. There are plenty of options to choose from, but we’ve selected three unique frameworks to provide you an idea of the divergence.Laissez faire leadership philosophyDemocratic leadership philosophyAutocratic leadership philosophyLeader believes followers should have the power to make decisions.Leader believes in empowering followers through increased responsibilities.The framework is effective when followers are knowledgeable.Leader believes that everyone should have equal say within the team.Leader values participation, consultation and consideration.Leader emphasizes co-operation and support.Leader believes results are best achieved in a controlled system.Leader has clear vision, including how and when things should be done.Leader is accountable for the decision-making.You can use these generalized models as guidance for defining your own leadership philosophy. Nonetheless, you should n’t try to copy a specific leadership philosophy. While learning about other philosophies can be a solid way to identify useful qualities, you need to adopt an approach that comes from your heart. Later on in the guide, we’ll provide you with a systematic guide to drawing your unique leadership philosophy.WHY SHOULD YOU HAVE A LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY?Leadership philosophy has a foundational element to it. The different components included create a strong basis on which to build on and take your leadership forward. You are better-equipped to lead and to succeed in your leadership with a leadership philosophy due to three core benefits: character, consistency and collaboration.CharacterDrafting a leadership philosophy will provide clarity and focus in your character. Character matters because it influences your everyday decision-making and communication with other people. Without a proper understanding of your character and the traits you truly value, you are more likely to fall int o bad habits and to let emotions control you.By making a conscious decision with the help of a leadership philosophy, you outline the characteristics you want to strive for and which you value in other people as well. In a way, you become better at controlling your behavior and you strengthen the qualities required of a successful leader. ConsistencyThe above benefit directly relates to the second advantage of creating a leadership philosophy: consistency. The most important aspect of the philosophy is setting out and defining your values and objectives.Once you define these, you immediately create more consistency to your behavior and actions. You have guidelines, which help you make decisions and take action. You’ll always use the same defining values at the heart of your decision-making. Let’s assume your leadership philosophy is defined by sustainability.Whenever you are faced with a decision, you will evaluate the options based on how they relate to the value of sustainabil ity â€" Will it hinder or enhance it? This assures your actions and behaviours are consistent. You don’t flip-flop from one value to another, but you stick to your principles.CollaborationLeadership always requires a level of collaboration. Since you need followers to voluntarily to follow you, you can’t expect to achieve much without an understanding and focus on teamwork. Getting along with people will become much easier if you have a clear leadership philosophy to follow.Among the things you need to define with your philosophy is your approach to collaboration. The framework requires careful consideration of engagement, communication and accountability. Defining these, you create more consistency and improve your chances of more meaningful collaboration.People will know what your values are, they understand your approach to teamwork and thus they feel more comfortable because you follow these well-defined patterns of behavior. Essentially, people can trust you because they do n’t need to constantly be on their toes.Overall, leadership philosophy will provide clarity to your leadership. Business strategist and author John Spence has written a good blog post on the topic and in it, he gave a powerful example of the benefits of a leadership philosophy. He used the famous quote by Walt Disney to make a point about why successful leaders need to define the framework for action.The quote says, “When values are clear decisions are easy.” Spence flipped it around stating, “When values are not clear decisions are difficult.” By defining your leadership philosophy, you clarify your decision-making by enhancing your focus on the values and actions that truly matter.PUBLISHING YOUR LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHYMy Philosophy of Leadership is to surround myself with good people, who have ability, judgment and knowledge, but above all, a passion for service. Sonny Perdue (American Politician)We will outline the four steps to developing a leadership philosophy in the next section, with one of the steps involving writing down your ideas. Before providing you with the format for your written philosophy, we are going to explain why having a published leadership philosophy matters.As you’ll see in the next section a written leadership philosophy statement can be useful in getting to the heart of your true values and ideas. By having a written statement, you are sure to have a reminder of the ideals you want to be pushing towards. But it can be more beneficial to have the leadership philosophy published or at least shared with a few people because it increases your accountability.If you are the only one aware of your leadership principles, you don’t need to worry about others calling you out on doing something against your values since no one has knowledge of them. On the other hand, if you are loosing your sense of direction, a person who has seen your leadership philosophy statement can nudge you back in the right direction. The objectives you want to deliver and the values you want to keep at the heart of your leadership will be known. Even the knowledge that people have access to your statement or your closest friends or mentors know it can be enough to keep you focused on following your path.Aside from accountability, publishing your leadership philosophy will provide another major benefit: the ability to reflect. While the philosophy must naturally be built around your actual values and objectives you want to achieve, bouncing these ideas with another person can provide an invaluable angle to your thinking. The ability to reflect on your ideas and to go them through with another person can add ideas to your thinking you hadn’t thought about before. The way you see yourself will always differ slightly from the experience of others and you can learn a great deal about your characteristics by asking questions from others.If you share your leadership philosophy, you’ll be able to reflect on your ideas from a complete ly different perspective. The feedback can be useful in ensuring your philosophy is the best roadmap for you to move forward. Don’t worry about the feedback being negative; a well-constructed leadership philosophy is sure to inspire others. Overall, the idea behind publishing or sharing your leadership philosophy is all about feedback. If you are criticized consider the words carefully and think whether there is some truth to them.How to publish your leadership philosophy? There are different ways to go about it. You could naturally share with a few close friends or colleagues and ask their opinions. If you have a leadership mentor or a coach, then it’s a good idea to talk about the statement with them. But you could go further than that and have your leadership philosophy on your personal website. This could potentially be a good idea even in terms of career progression, as future employers might get a better understanding of what your leadership looks like.Finally, don’t use publishing the statement just for feedback, ensure you have someone to keep a check on you to ensure you are following your values and objectives.THE STEPS TO DEVELOPING A LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHYHopefully, the above would have convinced you about the importance of having a leadership philosophy. We’ve talked about the characteristics of the framework, but how do you develop it? Here are the four steps you need to take in order to draft a proper leadership philosophy, which will guarantee you succeed as a leader.Step 1: Define your values and prioritiesThe first, and perhaps the most important part of the process is defining your values and priorities. You need to look deep inside you to discover the values you want to highlight and which you think make leaders great. You need to be able to answer the following questions as part of this step:What are the values I think are the most important in life and business?What are my personal strengths and weaknesses when it comes to values a nd behaviors?What do I feel are the priorities of a leader?But how do you define the core values and priorities? It’s easy to create a list of things you think are important, but you need to dig deeper when it comes to a leadership philosophy. First, you need to actually understand why you think a specific value has value. Second, you can’t have a list of 20 values as this doesn’t truly clarify your position, but instead, you must focus on just a few core priorities. Entrepreneur and author Kevin Daum has written a great post on Inc. on how to define your values. Daum suggests taking the following steps:Identifying the following moments from your life and describing them in detail:Three greatest accomplishmentsThree greatest moments of efficiencyThree greatest failuresThree greatest moments of inefficiencyConsider the above moments and examine the possible common themes between them.Using these common themes, identify the advice/tips you would give yourself. For example, if yo u find yourself avoiding conflict situations, your advice might be “Don’t walk away from difficult situations.”Refine your advice into a value. For instance, the above advice could become “Confront difficulties”Furthermore, once you have these core values and themed outlines, it’s auspicious to take a moment to define them properly. Let’s say you realized ‘authenticity’ is a value you cherish. Define what you mean by it by writing down a few sentences. You can use the formula:“Authenticity to me means…” You can do this with all of your values, whether the value is ‘communication’, ‘family’, or ‘competitiveness’. It is definitely worthwhile doing this all on paper because it will help you better communicate your ideas to yourself.When you’ve selected your values, you need to prioritize them further. If you have around 3-7 values selected, you should consider which ones resonate the most with you or which you think are the most essential in terms of leadership. An effective way to prioritize your values is by comparing them with each other. You can do it by simply taking two values, such as ‘authenticity’ and ‘respect’, and make the following statements with your chosen values:Authenticity but NO respectRespect but NO authenticityWould you pick the first or the second sentence? The value you choose is the one you rank as more important. You can do this prioritization with all of your values by comparing them against each other. You should eventually have a value on top that beat all the others in comparison. Step 2: Define the desirable outcomes you want to achieveAs well as defining your values, you also need to examine the outcomes you wish to achieve as a leader. In order to do this, you need to study the outcomes you want to achieve in the light of your chosen values. First, you should identify the goals for your leadership and the possible operational goals your organization is looking to achieve.What are the ac tions you want to or should achieve as a leader? An auspicious way to set goals is by using the SMART method, described in the image below: Furthermore, once you’ve identified the objectives, you need to outline and write down the actions required to achieve these goals. The actions can range from finding tools to motivate your team to enhance innovation.When you have the goals defined, you must reflect on the ways your values relate to and impact these objectives. You can do this by answering the following questions:How do my values support the key goals of leadership? Remember leadership was about influencing others to follow your vision. You need to pick each value and examine how it would help inspire others and move you closer to your vision. If you value ‘honesty’, then you want to consider how it is demonstrated in influential leadership.How do my values support the operational goals? You should consider the same in terms of the specific organizational objectives you’ve identified.How can my values strengthen the actions required to achieve the objectives? Look at each action and consider the different way s your values would have a positive impact on it. ‘Honesty’ could be seen as a way to strengthen trust, which in turn would boost motivation, for example.How do my values show in the way I communicate with my teams? Think about the above and the positive or negative impact your values, actions and objectives will have on the team. You want to identify the routes that uphold your values, but create a meaningful partnership with your followers.What are the behaviors and actions I expect from my followers? Your followers don’t necessarily have to subscribe to the exact same values as you do or prioritize the values the same way. Nonetheless, you need to consider the behaviors and actions, which are in conflict with the objectives you want to achieve as a leader and as an organization, and the behaviors, which are not sustainable in terms of your own values.The above helps you to clarify what your leadership philosophy should look like in action. It makes the values turn into conc rete examples in terms of behaviors and actions.Step 3: Write down your leadership philosophyWith the above steps concluded, you can start putting your leadership philosophy on paper. We briefly mentioned the importance of having a written statement in the previous section. Writing down your philosophy helps clarify your ideas and makes it all just a bit more concrete. It can improve your focus and help you keep yourself more accountable, since you can always go back and read what you’ve created.To help you write down your leadership format, we propose using the  format below, although you can always just write a document in your own style. The format is based on the four core elements of leadership philosophy: theory, attitude, principles and behavior.Theory: I believe in _________________.Write the specific elements of leadership you believe are at the heart of being a good leader; the values you prioritize. An example sentence could be: I believe in confronting issues head-on i s the key to better communication.Attitude: My thoughts will ___________ and my words will ______________.These sentences refer to the attitudes you want to foster in the workplace; the example you want to set with your own attitude. The aim is to focus on the attitude you think will boost your success as a leader and help to achieve the objectives you’ve set out. You might say, “My thoughts will focus on finding solutions and my words will be based on honesty and integrity.”Principles: I will lead by/with ____________.The focus is on writing down the guiding principles you will use as part of your leadership. These are the top priorities to you as a leader; the principles you won’t negotiate on and which you’ll consider each time you make decisions. You’ll most likely end up writing a few of these and an example sentence might be: I will lead by understanding and embracing change and how situations and people can change over time.Behavior: I expect to ___________ and __ __________ in situations.Finally, you need to write down how you will behave and react in the workplace, no matter what the situation is. The behaviors should reflect your leadership philosophy and highlight the core ideas in action. The identification of your past successes and failures during Step 1 will help with the last point. You could state, “I expect to consider the different options and listen to feedback in challenging situations.”When it comes to drafting the document, there are a few things to keep in mind. First, keep it concise; you don’t want the document to be more than one page. You should be able to state the essence of your leadership philosophy in a few sentences. The other crucial point is to aim for clarity and this is why you also want someone else to have a look at your philosophy.You need to define the philosophy in a manner that will help others to understand it without the need to ask multiple questions. Even if you decide not to publish it, you want at least one person to view it. Aiming for clarity will guarantee you truly understand what you are looking for with your philosophy and this will guarantee you are focused on your intentions.Step 4: Evaluate your leadership philosophyFinally, it’s not enough to write your leadership philosophy and continue with your daily activities; you need to actively evaluate how well you are holding on to your ideals. You must regularly reflect on how well your actions and behaviors follow your statements. Essentially, you need to hold yourself accountable.Take time to review your leadership philosophy and go back to your previous actions. Are you practicing what you preach? What are the things you excel in and which behaviors and actions do you struggle to follow? You could look at these questions each week or every month. Write a list of the major actions you took that week; for example, consider the three successes for the weak and the three possible failures for the week.Reflect on whic h principles you held on to and which actions or behaviors went against what you believe in. As you identify the actions and behaviors where you didn’t follow your leadership philosophy, consider what were the reasons leading to this situation. Why didn’t you remember your philosophy at that moment or why did you reject it? This will help you understand what are the areas where you need to work harder on or even identify the values and priorities that might be unattainable for you.Furthermore, you should occasionally have a chat with people who know you or who work with you. Finding out what they think your guiding principles are can reveal a great deal to you about how they view you and whether your philosophy shows in action. If your followers identify values that are counter to everything you’ve written in your statement, then you are properly doing something wrong as a leader. On the other hand, if people relate values to you, which are at the heart of your philosophy, you get confirmation you are on the right path and achieving success as a leader.As eluded to earlier, evaluating your leadership philosophy will help you realize whether your philosophy is working or not. If it’s not, you need to carefully think about the reasons behind the failure. It might be that you are simply failing in staying true and you need more time to instill these values deeper into your actions. Just continue to be more mindful of your philosophy and think more about the ways you can stick to your principles. But your failures might not be due to lack of motivation.It could well be the actions and behaviors you chose are not truly you and do not fit into your leadership strategy. Therefore, you might have to re-evaluate each value and principle, adding in new ones and removing the ones that don’t reflect your philosophy. Successful leadership is a fluid strategy and the philosophy shouldn’t be too rigid either. As you gain more experience, both in business and in l ife, you will develop and grow as a person. This personal development might well change the way you approach leadership and therefore, you should be willing to make small changes to your philosophy if you feel like it.The video clip below on self-reflection is a valuable watch because it highlights the importance of being more aware of the impact of your decisions. It’s an important lesson to keep in mind when evaluating your leadership philosophy. FINAL THOUGHTSLeadership philosophy is a crucial element, as it acts as the foundation for your leadership. It helps you determine the guiding principles, behaviours and actions you want to put at the heart of your leadership. By carefully considering your values, priorities and objectives, you can create a framework for effective and focused leadership.Having a leadership philosophy creates clarity to your decision-making and your actions, which help you to inspire and to motivate the followers to support your vision. You will be a lea der with a clear mission and way of operating, which makes it easier for people to respect and trust you because they will always know where you are coming from.When it comes to drafting a leadership philosophy the key is to spend time analyzing yourself and writing down the things you believe in and value. Creating a document will ensure you are not only accountable, but can easily remind yourself to focus on the essentials. It ensures you aren’t just thinking about specific actions and behaviors, but to actually implement these in your leadership.Leadership philosophy is often based on intuition, but also a careful examination of what your strengths and weaknesses are. It’s about finding the voice that truly speaks for you rather than pretending to subscribe to things you don’t believe in or can’t achieve.

Writing A Rhetorical Analysis On My Service Learning s...

We ve made it to our fourth stop, the snowy mountain of EWP Outcome #4! The aim of this outcome is to develop flexible strategies for revising, editing, and proofreading writing. I believe that my first and third short assignment, and the second major paper will be able to demonstrate my ability to pull from given feedback by instructor and peers to successfully revise in order to produce effective works. 1. The writing demonstrates substantial and successful revision. After receiving the feedback for my first short assignment, I realized that were a lot of revision that needed to be done. For the first short assignment, I was required to write a rhetorical analysis on my service-learning s organization website. While I did provide a strong claim which was the purpose of the website is to introduce the organization to the community as a well-established agency that helps Asian immigrants with numerous programs, services and advocacy2.The writing responds to substantive issues raised by the instructor and peers, I failed to relate it to the website s usage of rhetorical appeals. In order to produce an effective piece, I decided to revise my work but relating the rhetorical appeals to my original claim, and by providing a more detailed analysis on how they relate. As an example, in my original submission, I only wrote The overall appearance of the website aims to give off an air of professionalism and maturity without providing any further explanati on. After aShow MoreRelatedRhetoric : Rhetoric And Composition5982 Words   |  24 Pagespeople communicating to other people who have an investment in the same issue or topic. This course introduces students to college-level writing and analysis. That means you can expect to develop critical writing strategies that should help you succeed in college. The focus of this course, however, is not only college writing; we will also address the kinds of writing and reading skills that are important in the world beyond college. Therefore, this course has a simple goal: to help you to become criticalRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesOhio Wesleyan Writing Center Founded University Promoting1955 as a hallmark of liberal arts education writing Writing Guidelines Statements of Purpose From the OWU Writing Center in the Sagan Academic Resource Center The OWU Writing Center Corns 316 ââ€" ª (740-368-3925) ââ€" ª http://writing.owu.edu ââ€" ª open Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Writing Guidelines for Statements of Purpose Contents Writing Your Statement of Purpose ..........Read MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 PagesMARKETING Visit the Global Marketing, fifth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/hollensen to find valuable student learning material including: Full versions of the video case studies Multiple choice questions to test your learning Annotated links to relevant sites on the web An online glossary to explain key terms Flashcards to test your knowledge of key terms and definitions Classic extra case studies that help take your learning further We work with leading authors to develop the strongestRead MoreResearch on Persuasive Techniques Used in Advertising Industry12297 Words   |  50 Pagespopulation all at once through mass media. In the United States, many university journalism departments evolved into schools or colleges of mass communication or journalism and mass communication, as reflected in the names of two major academic organizations. In addition to studying practical skills of journalism, public relations or advertising, students also may major in mass communication or mass communication research. The latter is often the title given to doctoral studies in such schoolsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreHegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural Relationships Through Media Production8970 Words   |  36 Pagesmedia production Michael Robert Evans Journalism 2002 3: 309 DOI: 10.1177/146488490200300302 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journalism can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jou.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissionsRead MoreIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 Pagesobservations, the main characteristics of intercultural communication can be established: †¢ Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. †¢ Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people fromRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pagesface three central questions in thinking strategically about their company’s present circumstances and prospects: Where are we now? —concerns the ins and outs of the company’s present situation — its market standing, how appealing its products or services are to customers, the competitive pressures it confronts, its strengths and weaknesses, and its current performance — Where do we want to go? — deals with the direction in which management believes the company should be headed in terms of growingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesversion has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which is owned by Cengage Learning: There is a great deal of coherence. The chapters build on one another. The organization is sound and the author does a superior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State

Essay on African American Vernacular - 1823 Words

Essential Works of the African American Vernacular Culture When thinking of musical genres such as jazz, blues, and hip-hop, most Americans do not realize that they are the essential components to the evolution of African American Vernacular Literature. In fact, it is the key factor that brought African American culture into the limelight in America. Since the first black peoples in America were slaves, and were not allowed to read or write, the African American Vernacular Traditions began as completely oral communications in the form of church songs, blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and hip hop. The African American Vernacular began as Spiritual and Secular works, which portrayed the struggles of the slaves and black population over the†¦show more content†¦Jazz was created to encompass the many aspects of urban America, specifically the train. The locomotive represented moving away from old slave territories, images of trains from old spirituals, and the Underground Railroa d (Gates, McKay, 65). It is also described as â€Å"jam-session-like talk† that drove people to get up and dance (Gates, McKay, 65). Like the blues, jazz uses call and response and call and recall between the singer and instruments to create a conversation-like sound. It also uses improvisation, which is characteristic of African American vernacular. Jazz artists understand and base their works off the fact that things just might not turn out how they want them to, yet they still celebrate life and possibilities (Gates, McKay, 65). Rhythm and Blues came onto the scene thanks to the marketplace rather than musicians. After World War II, black dance music became popular and began to appear all over the world in dance halls and even variety shows. By the 1950’s, records were being produced and even worked up for â€Å"cross-over marketing to white audiences† (Gates, McKay, 69). Ramp;B music combined blues, jazz, Latin and gospel, and was influenced by blue-mo od crooners, gospel and blues stompers, and a cappella singers who created a style called doo-wop (Gates, McKay, 69). The Motown label developed aShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Vernacular English†¯ 1494 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Vernacular English†¯ Background: †¯ African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is the variety previously known as Black English Vernacular or Vernacular Black English by sociolinguists, and commonly called Ebonics outside the academic community. However, some characteristics of AAVE are seemingly unique in its structure. It also includes a number of standard and nonstandard English varieties are spoken by the US and the Caribbean people. AAVE has been the core of many public debatesRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular English Language Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American Vernacular English African American Vernacular English can be described as an assortment of American English that is mostly used by urban-working class and mostly bi-dialectical middle-class black Americans. The language is also commonly known as Black Vernacular English or Black English. In some cases, particularly outside the academic community, it is referred to as Ebonics given its distinctive features and similarities with other non-standard English varieties. The similaritiesRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular English (Aave)1503 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American Vernacular English The United States of America is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations. Even though there is not an official national language, most Americans speak Standard American English (SAE). However, the most prevalent native English vernacular dialect in the United States is African American Vernacular English (AAVE). According to Sharon Vaughn, AAVE is â€Å"a dialect used by some African Americans† (110). In order to examine AAVE, one mustRead MoreThe Grammar Of Urban African American Vernacular English By Walt Wolfram1368 Words   |  6 Pagesurban African American Vernacular English by Walt Wolfram Introduction †¢ The roots of contemporary of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) were establish in the rural South . †¢ In the 20th century, it is associated with its use in non-Souther urban areas. †¢ Urban AAVE was a by-product of the great Migration o African-Americans moved from rural South to metropolitan areas of the North. o Demographic movement is not a sufficient explanation for the cultural shift. o 90% of African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture African American vernacular traditions have been around for many centuries and still cease to exist in their culture. The vernacular traditions of the African Americans started when slaves were existent in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. It is believed that the slaves spoke a mix of Creole and partial English, in which they had to create in order to communicate between them discreetly. The vernacular traditions originatedRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of vernacular is â€Å"of, relating to, or being a nonstandard language or dialect of a place, region, or country.† In terms of African American history, the evolution of vernacular is very important and a very unique part of the culture. The African American vernacular has aided the development of a distinct culture in terms of what African Americans were subjected to from the installation of slavery. The African American vernacular was used as a way to expose the atrocities tha t African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular English ( Aave )2169 Words   |  9 Pagesform Wang 3 of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations. (Webster Dictionary) African American Vernacular English(AAVE) was often called as Ebonics by Non-linguists. The languages and dialects are noble, which should not be separated by personal biased thought about the race, color, region, religion. However, in 1997, a nation-wide debate aboutRead More Code Switching in William Wells Browns Clotel Essay896 Words   |  4 Pagesone would speak to a scholar, or speak to a prison inmate in the same regard that one would speak with the President of the United States. Speaking in standard American English and then in African American Vernacular English (AAVE), or Ebonics, portrays the most prominent use of code switching in today’s society, especially among American youths. Today, people utilize code switching to associate better amongst a group of people. In William Wells Brown’s Clotel, code switching plays an im portant roleRead More The Ebonics Controversy Essay examples5572 Words   |  23 Pagessometimes very opinionated. The term Ebonics is the most recently coined name for a speech pattern that has been around for several hundred years. Synonyms for Ebonics include, but are not limited to, Black English, Black Vernacular, African American Vernacular English (AAVE),Jive, Rappin, even the derogatory term of Nigger Talk(Shabaz). The words language anddialect are ambiguous and often interchanged when they should not be, because of the confusion they can elicit. ForRead More Ebonics is Not a Seperate Language but Improper Form of English2948 Words   |  12 Pagesuse among African American students; language that has not been examined closely nor acknowledged until recently. Ebonics is classified as Black English or Black sounds, or Pan African Communication Behavior or African Language systems which originates from the West African languages such as Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1). During the times of slavery, ebonics was also spoken as Gullah, which is a combination of West African languages

Examine the effects of the impact of human activity on soil Free Essays

In the context of living in the modern world the environment is very important to study and maintain. As technology advances the world we live in is changing, but sometimes these changes are disturbing the balance of nature that has been well established for thousands of years. The effect that we are having on soil is often very detrimental; erosion is an ever-present problem all across the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the effects of the impact of human activity on soil or any similar topic only for you Order Now I aim to investigate the impact that human activity has had on soil, and evaluate solutions to the problem. Initially it is important to look at what can be damaged and what the risk is to soils. The main threats include erosion, acidification, pollution, compaction, organic matter loss and salinisation. The increasing amounts of fertilizers and other chemicals applied to soils since World War II, has caused great concern over soil pollution. The application of fertilizers containing the primary nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, doesn’t lead to soil pollution, the application of trace elements does. Sulfur from industrial wastes has polluted soils in the past. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System When lead arsenate was used on crops this had deadly effects but this is now outlawed due to these. The application of pesticides also leads to short-term soil pollution. Ploughing was once a major erosion-causing problem. The way it used to be carried out was known as clean cultivation, which left the topsoils exposed to all natural erosive problems. This was done by the use of the moldboard plow by farmers, now replaced by better ploughs, which leave a litter layer on the surface to prevent erosion. Irrigation is the artificial watering of land to sustain plant growth. This happens across the globe in areas where the water budget is below the required amount. In dry areas, such as the southwestern United States, irrigation must be maintained from the time a crop is planted. In 1800 about 8. 1 million hectares (about 20 million acres) were under irrigation, a figure that has risen to more than 222 million hectares (550 million acres) today. Irrigation, however, can waterlog soil, or increase a soil’s salinity to the point where crops are damaged or ruined. The irrigation of arid lands often leads to pollution with salts. This problem is now jeopardizing about one-third of the world’s irrigated land. About a third of all soils in England and Wales have been identified as being at risk from water erosion. Another careless error of human kind is to let overgrazing to occur. Overgrazing, which in time can change grassland to desert, can be seen causing great problems in the USA. The dustbowl effect is evidence of this. It is believed by some historians that soil erosion has been an underlying cause in various population shifts and the fall of certain civilizations. Ruins of towns and cities have been found in arid regions such as the deserts of Mesopotamia, which shows that agriculture was once widespread in the surrounding territory. To remedy these problems we have to act fast. In protecting soil we have to consider not only the land but also the land use and the pressures on it, and then find the correct balance of how to help both the land and people. Often without the money coming in from industry and farmers the land that we need to conserve would have gone to waste anyway and there money is preserving it already. Farmers have been looking for solutions for centuries, and in the Middle Ages in Britain and to present day crop rotation was a possible solution. This is where through different seasons different crops were used, and sometimes the field was left bare to recuperate. In modern rotation systems soil-building plants are used. These crops hold and protect the plants during growth, and also when mixed in to the ground provide much needed nutrients. Special methods for erosion control include contour farming, where the farmer follows the contours of sloping lands, and ditches and terraces are constructed to reduce the runoff of water. This is particularly useful in areas with high precipitation. Another soil-conservation method is the use of strip-cropping. This is the use of alternate strips of crop and fallow land. This method is valuable for control of wind erosion on semiarid lands that need to lie crop-free for efficient crop production. Without human activities, losses of soil through erosion would in most areas probably be balanced by the formation of new soil. On new land a layer of vegetation protects the soil. When new industry is formed in an area the protective canopy of trees that would shield the ground from a lot of rainfall is destroyed which greatly speeds up erosion of certain kinds of soils. Erosion is less severe with crops such as wheat, which cover the ground evenly, than with crops such as corn and tobacco, which grow in rows and have bare spaces. When ramblers go out in the countryside they cause another problem, trampling. Through repeated trampling the ground gets ruined and so do the plants, until walkers use alternate paths and also eventually ruin those as well. These methods are all very effective in combating erosion. They are split into five categories, revegetation, erosion control, crop management, run-off control and soil reclamation. The latter is done through drainage. I believe the easiest of these to use is good crop management. This would mean a well-stratified plan to the use of the land b the farmer. It is the cheapest to do, as no alterations to the land are required. It can be done globally but in poorer areas there may be too much pressure to maintain this. At Kinder Scout in England revegetation has been a successful move, replacing plants where walkers had trampled them. The conclusion I am making is that for every soil where human problems have had a diverse effect, it will be a different solution required. There is no standard answer, and farmers, walkers and industrialists need to come up with their own. How to cite Examine the effects of the impact of human activity on soil, Papers

Principles of Drug Actions for Health- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about thePrinciples of Drug Actions for Health. Answer: Introduction The drug chosen for the purposes of this task is atropine which is a member of the class anticholinergic. The chemical name is Tropine topate/DI-Hyoscyamine/DI-Tropyltropate and is an alkaloid derived from Atropa belladonna but can as well be found in other plants. Its generic name is Atropine sulfate while the trade name is Isopto Atropine or Atropa. Atropine lowers the vagal tone hence resulting in a positive chronotropic effect. It also increases the conduction of AV. Atropine bronchodilates through the mechanism of parasympatholytic (Bhattacharya, 2012). It acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors. All these actions of atropine make it sufficiently relevant to the topic Principles of Drug Actions for Professional Health Practice. The above actions are some of the medical conditions that a paramedic may be asked to attend to before a patient is taken for further medical health care in the hospital(Brophy, 2010). Source Atropine is found naturally in plants which are members of the Solanaceae family. It is commonly found in Datura innoxia, D. stramonium, D. metel besides Atropa belladonna which is a poisonous nightshade plant in addition to hysocyamine. Atropa belladonna is a plant characterized by brown-purple flowers and whose berries change from red to purple with the progress of summer. Additional sources of the plant are inclusive of the members of Hyoscyamus and Brugmansia genera(Papich, 2009). The plant should not be confused with Solanum dulcamara as well has flowers containing purple petals and with a yellow center. Solanum dulcamara is less toxic woody bittersweet or nightshade. Synthetically, the drug can be obtained by the reaction of tropic acid with tropine and the reaction should be done in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Body system(s) upon which it works Atropine works on the various organs of the body including heart, eyes and secretory glands. It serves as a cycloplegic that temporarily disrupts the accommodation reflex as well as a mydriatic that dilates the pupil of the eye. It is therefore used in lowering the progression of myopia, especially in children. Atropine injections are used in the treatment of bradycardia i.e. heart rate that is less than 60 beats per minute(Coyne, 2015). It is as well used in the prevention of low heart rate of children during intubation. It is used in the treatment of third-degree heart block and second-degree heart break. In the salivary and mucus glands, the drug is used in inhibiting seating through the sympathetic nervous system(Papich, 2009). This is important in the treatment of hyperhidrosis thus prevention of death rattle in dying patients. Mechanism of action Atropine has two main modes of actions: therapeutic action and activity of the central nervous system(Schwartz-Bloom, 2014). Therapeutic action is where there is inhibition of the glands and the smooth cells by the postganglionic cholinergic nerves. Atropine acts by counter the activities that are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. It is able to successfully achieve this due to its competitive nature and the reversibility of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is a competitive antagonist of the receptor types M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 thereby classified as an anticholinergic drug. In the cardiac system, atropine works as muscarinic acetyl cholinergic antagonist who is non-selective and increases the conduction via the atrioventricular node and firing of the Sino-atrial node of the heart. It reduces the secretions of the bronchus as well as blocking the sites of acetylcholine receptors. Atropine works by inhibiting the activities of acetylcholine(Gyermek, 2010). When introduced to the cells of the heart, atropine blocks the cells from activation by acetylcholine which is released from the vagus nerve. In this regard, atropine helps in inhibiting the effects of overstimulation of vagus thereby counteracting abnormal slow heart rate. For the case of the eye, atropine blocks the contraction of the circular sphincter muscles of the pupil by introducing mydriasis which is a stimulation by the release of acetylcholine. In so doing it allows the radial dilator muscles of the pupil to contract and distend. Through the introduction of cycloplegia, atropine makes the ciliary muscles powerless and functionless. This move lowers accommodation for allowing for accuracy in refraction among children hence assists in relieving pain which is usually associated with iridocyclitis(Young, 2014). Route of administration and drug schedule The most common routes of administration of atropine include oral, injection, ophthalmic and endotracheal administrations. Endotracheal administration is usually associated with blood drug concentrations which are lower than IV administration. This administration route is usually discouraged since it is not reliable. Oral administration is usually administered 30 minutes before a meal. Injectable administration is done either intraosseously, intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly(Brophy, 2010). Care should be taken when the administration is done subcutaneously so as to ensure the injection is not dome intradermally. Intramuscular administration should be done only be trained and qualified personnel that have recognition in the treatment of nerve agent. Target population for atropine The target population of this drug is the children. It is the children that experience major challenges associated with progressive myopia. The drug has proved effective in inhibiting myopia progression hence very relevant to this demographic composition. Effectiveness of Atropine Atropine has proved effective when it comes to intervening myopia. Study and research have revealed that atropine inhibits the effects of lens-deprived and induced myopia in animals. A study dubbed ATOM study revealed that atropine is an effective drug in the treatment of progression of myopia among children in the Asian community(Bhattacharya, 2012). From the study which was conducted in two years, it was revealed that up to 75% of myopic progression reduction was related to atropine and 1% of these cases did not report any concerning side effects. This is the treatment that is prescribed for almost half of the children of Taiwan who are suffering from progressive myopia. Conclusion Atropine is a very effective drug that is useful in the treatment of the various diseases and complications of the conditions of the body. The drug is important to the various organs of the body including the eyes, heart and the nervous system. It should be considered as a treatment option for children who have a high prevalence rate of myopia any part of the globe. References Beck, R. K. (2014). Drug Reference for EMS Providers. London: Cengage Learning. Bhattacharya. (2012). Pharmacology, 2/e. Toronto: Elsevier India. Brophy, K. M. (2010). Clinical Drug Therapy for Canadian Practice. New Delhi: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Coyne, C. (2015). Comparative Diagnostic Pharmacology: Clinical and Research Applications in Living-System Models. Mississipi: John Wiley Sons. Gyermek, L. (2010). Pharmacology of Antimuscarinic Agents. London: CRC Press. Papich, M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. New York: John Wiley Sons. Schwartz-Bloom, R. D. (2014). Pharmacology: Drug Actions and Reactions. New York: CRC Press. Young, D. A. (2014). Handbook of Critical Incidents and Essential Topics in Pediatric Anesthesiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jonathan, Woman And Advisor Essays - Emotions, Personal Life, Lust

Jonathan, Woman And Advisor A man named Jonathan is in distress because he has found himself in love with a woman. Jonathan is studying to become a priest and has taken the vow of chastity. He is lost and goes to his spiritual advisor for advice that will help him see the answers he needs to help him with his dilemma.Jonathan: I understand, but I just love her so much. It's the kind of love that has another force present. I watched the sunrise with her yesterday, and when we kissed something inside of me exploded, and it wasn't lust. It was love. A higher love which I have never felt before.Advisor: Aren't you studying to be a man of the cloth? Haven't you taken vows?Jonathan: Yes.Advisor: Well, do you think you will ever be able to find this love in God?Jonathan: That I am unsure of.Advisor: People are often unsure of what they will find with God. I have a book here. I would like to read something from it. The book is Light From Light. I will be reading from The Perfection Of Man, number 254. It states ?Theref ore the man who desires to love the Lord or already loves him should always question his spirit and examine his conscience as the object and the motive of his basic desire; ask, too, what else the spirit wills or hates and what inordinate desires the flesh entertains the opposition to it.? I agree that you can find this love you are talking of in others that surround us, but you have made a commitment to the church and their laws. I want you to go off to a quiet place and separate yourself from this woman, and think about these words I have just read to you. Then come back to me in a two months. When the advisor asks him this question, Jonathan's mind starts thinking. He was asked why he loves this girl. Is it because of lust? He needs to think about this for some time because love can often be diguised by lust. He needs to ask himself if he loves this girl the way he loves God. If he thinks about this and finds that the love he feels for God and this girl are actually the same, the n he has, in fact, found God in this girl. (Two months passed and Jonathan came back to the advisor.)Jonathan: I have come to the conclusion that the love I have found between this woman and I was given to me by God.Advisor: Do you feel that by being a man of the cloth that you are limited in your ability to love. There is an old saying from The Desert Father's number 112, ?An old man said, ?This generation is concerned not with today but with tomorrow.' The advisor is trying to see if Jonathan's heart is where it should be, or if he needs to search more for who he wants to be.Johnathan: I wonder what would happen if in the future I said I didn't want to be a priest because I was in love with a woman. I feel as though I might be missing out on some things. Advisor: I feel as though your heart is not yet where it wants to be. It seems to me that your heart is meant to wonder the world and see all the people and spread your love to them.Jonathan: Are you telling me I should leave the church? Advisor: I'm telling you that you should follow your heart, son.Jonathan: Thank you. I will follow it where ever it leads me. It is sometimes more important to just follow your heart before you start to think of God. It is not understood by everyone that your heart was given to you by God. Once this is understood by Jonathan, he will find himself even closer to God. It is right for Jonathan to leave the church. That's where his heart was leading him. Who knows, leaving the church could actually bring him to another level with God. Aelred would say that you can see God in the eyes of others. Mythology

Projects # 1,3,5 Example

Projects # 1,3,5 Example Projects # 1,3,5 – Speech or Presentation Example Insert and box number here) MA 120 BID: 294 18 February Project 5: Linear Programming Applications An automobile manufacturer makes cars and trucks in a factory that is divided into two shops. Shop 1, which performs basic assembly, must work five man-days on each truck, but only two man-days on each car. Shop 2, which performs finishing operations, must work three man-days for each car or truck it produces. Because of men and machine limitations, Shop 1 has 180 man-days per week available, while Shop 2 has 135 man-days per week. If the manufacturer makes a profit of $300 on each truck and $200 on each car, how many of each should be produced to maximize profit?The variables when solving this particular equation include the man-days, and the machine limitations. The constraints presented in this particular problem are the man-days available per week, which vary depending on shop and task. The objective function of this particular equation is to determine the best way to maximize profi ts based upon vehicles produced. Solution: Let x be the number of trucks and y the number of cars to be produced on a weekly basis. 5x + 2y

Exploring Your Family's or a Friend's History of Immigration and how Essay

Exploring Your Family's or a Friend's History of Immigration and how it connects to some of the stories in The life stories - Essay Example When the opportunity came for Filipinos to be in America as Navy recruit or contracted worker, grandfather Protacio’s parents seized the opportunity and enlisted him to join the latter. As the oldest child in the family, grandfather Protacio was forced to accept the opportunity to help his family and build a better future for himself in the United States. Grandfather Protacio left the Philippines to be one of the â€Å"1946 boys† who arrived in U.S. territory as a contracted worker in farmlands. Much like the Syrian immigrants who were awed with the grandeur of New York (Holt 249), grandfather Protacio was equally awed by the richness of American farms compared to the ailing farms in his province and spent so much time at the farm during the day and exploring the city at night that he forgot his responsibilities in the Philippines for a while. Grandfather Protacio has heard a lot of America and its greatness as â€Å"the land of freedom and civilization† (Holt 25 7) thus, he was caught off guard to the racial discrimination when he arrived the same with the Japanese who felt humiliated because of discrimination and abused in his domestic job (Holt 260). At the time grandfather Protacio arrived in the U.S., the Congress has passed a law that permits Filipinos to qualify as American citizens. Despite of this, racial discrimination to Filipinos was very high. According to Melendy in his article â€Å"Filipino Americans†, Filipinos were discriminated due to their skin color and inability to speak English like the white Americans. Like the story of the Chitkara family and the Indian Ab-nen-la-de-ni who experienced the language barrier, grandfather Protacio had difficulty expressing his thoughts and feelings at work due to his limited English. He must â€Å"speak English or remain silent† (Holt 210) not only as a requirement but because the other employees were also immigrants of different nationalities and the only language they can communicate to each other is in English. Although farm works were not new to grandfather Protacio since he came from a family of farmers, the intense labor requiring more hours in the field, irregular meal provision, and unfit clothing for different seasons has taken its toll on his health. Striving to get off in his current situation, grandfather Protacio bargained with his employer to allow him to be a working student. Like Ab-nen-la-de-ni, grandfather Protacio â€Å"went to school in the morning and work in the afternoon† (Holt 211) and did his home works at night in a dimly lit room shared with the other farm workers. The bargain though has been difficult because the wife of his employer did not agree to allow non-American workers to attend school. If the Indian suffered from the attack and mismanagement of the Head Directress in the Institute (Holt 216), grandfather Protacio suffered from mistreatment of his employer’s wife by working unpaid overtime and was accu sed of stealing and selling boxes of fruits in the city. Worst of all, his employment visa was not renewed forcing him to resign and looked for another job that could ensure his stay in the country since he cannot afford to go back empty handed in the Philippines. Grandfather Protacio was desperate but his desire to succeed and help his family fueled him to continue despite the meager amount of money left in his wallet. Fortunately, he found a job in the

Changing the Mind and Group Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changing the Mind and Group Dynamics - Essay Example When working with a collaborative group of people, it is important to recognize that everyone brings a different type of intelligence to the table as well as everyone’s cognitive processes do not work the same. Therefore, the leadership role has to be competent in addressing all the unique ideas that are brought to the project. Gardner talks about â€Å"changing minds† or rather getting them on the same page. Unification through principle and idea is necessary for us to reach a common goal, therefore it relies on the ability to compromise between those that are more theory-oriented and the more realistic thinkers in order to achieve a goal that is believed to be common among everyone. Q2) The six factors that Gardner describes are: reason, research, resonance, resources and rewards, representational redescriptions, and real-world events. I think that the two biggest factors that will influence our project, in particular, are resources and rewards, as well as research. . .. Using the 80/20 principle, in order to achieve a specific view, we make one side seem more favorable than the other in terms of the number of resources that it is going to take as well as how greater the rewards are. The rewards of the project (getting an A) are going to outweigh the resources (the work put into the project). In terms of the people reading the blog and website on CNG vs. electric, you want to show them that it is way more beneficial for them to drive an eco-friendly car because it is both environmentally and financially sound; compared to the current gas-powered one they drive now. Research is another extremely important factor. In order to get people to agree and work, there must be substantial information that has been collected in order to support your argument. For blog design, having numerous examples to draw on can help parties come to a conclusion as well as having the information to show the argument of CNG vs. electric when going green. When communicating th is to the population reading the blog, research is imperative. We are going to want to show that it is environmentally and financially sound. This can be done by showing carbon emission output of both vehicles and showing the pricing how in the end, a CNG or electric car will save a lot more money than a gas-powered vehicle. Q3) Resistance is a way that a person protects themselves from beliefs or feelings that the person perceives as incompatible with their own. It is based off many cognitive and social processes such as beliefs that the person already possesses, cultural and societal norms, patterns of behavior, and knowledge that is already possessed. Again, it is easy to explain resistance in terms of the person relying on the 50/50 principle.When a person is

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay The study is aimed to investigate the Quality of Life of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients in relation to Severity of the symptoms and Cognitive Appraisal. The study will explore the predictors of Quality of life of OCD patients from variables of Symptom Severity dimensions and Cognitive Appraisal. It is hypothesized that patients having OCD with more Symptom Severity, and Cognitive Appraisal of obsessions will have impaired Quality of life. Correlational research design and purposive sampling will be used. 60 patients with primary diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive disorder, with age range of 18 years and above will be recruited. For assessment, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptom Checklist (OCDSC), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), and WHOQOL-BREF will be used. Pearson Product Moment will be employed to find the relationship of Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal with Physical health, Psychological health, Social and Environment related Quality of life. In addition, Multip le Regression Analysis will be used to explore the predictor of Quality of life of patients with Obsessive Compulsive disorder. Introduction The study investigates the Quality of Life (QoL) of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients in terms of Symptom Severity and cognitive appraisal. The severity of symptomology and clinically manifested psychological distress exacerbates the functional impairment of OCDs patients. The functional impairment debilitates and gradually leads to poor treatment compliance as psychotherapy include the dysfunction area in treatment plan. The present study is intended to understand the relationship of the associated factors that will help facilitate the better understanding on etiological and therapeutic grounds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to American Psychiatric Association (2000), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD) is an anxiety disorder classified into Obsessions and Compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, id, images, or impulses that and individual experienced as senseless yet anxiety evoking. Compulsions are desires to engage in behavioral or mental acts according to specified rules or in reaction to obsessions (i.e., to lower down obsessional anxiety). However, individuals are unaware of the trigger and may perform stereotyped acts according to idiosyncratic rules (Wells, 1997). Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate. The most common obsessions concern thought about contamination, doubting, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual imagery (Wells, 1994; Wells Morrison, 1994 as cited in Wells, 1997). A compulsion is a repetitive behavior that is overt or covert. Overt compulsions include hand washing, checking, ordering, or alignment of objects. Covert compulsions are mental acts such as praying, counting, or repeating words. The goal of these overt and covert compulsions is to reduce or prevent anxiety or distress (Wells, 1997). Symptom Severity Severe OCD is characterized by Substantial frequency of obsessions and compulsions (from 4 hours a day to every minute of the patients waking hours), Substantial impairment from the OCD (usually in all domains of life including social, work, and family), Poor insight into the symptoms (or how realistic the patient thinks their fears are), and/or Substantial co morbidity which complicates the presentation of the symptoms (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia). Severity of symptoms, as characterized by high frequency of symptoms or significant distress, is often measured through self-report measures such as the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002). Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions often have themes of fear of contamination or dirt, having things orderly and symmetrical, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual images or thoughts. However, compulsions typically have themes of washing and cleaning, counting, checking, demanding reassurances, performing the same action repeatedly, and orderliness (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). Studies indicate that there are clinically meaningful differences among these symptom-based subtypes. It was reported that OCD patients with compulsive hoarding report higher levels of anxiety and depression, greater impairment in occupational, family, and social functioning and poorer response to pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral treatment (Abramowitz, Franklin, Schwartz, Furr, 2003). Despite the documented detrimental effects of OCD on quality of life, evidence suggests that not all individuals with OCD are uniformly impaired. Masellis, Rector, and Richter (2003) found that severity of obsessions, but not compulsions, was related to lower overall quality of life. Similarly, Eisen et al., (2006) reported that severity of obsessions and comorbid depression predicted impairment across eight domains of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction, whereas compulsion severity was related only to impaired work functioning. In contrast, Stengler-Wenzke, Kroll, Riedel-Heller, Matschinger, and Angermeyer (2007) found obsessions to be unrelated to Quality of life ratings, but that severity of compulsions was associated with reduced physical and psychological well-being, as well as impairment in social and family life and leisure activities. Cognitive Appraisal Grinker and Spiegel (1945, as cited in Sincero, 2012), explained appraisal as a process that requires mental activity involving judgment, discriminating and choice of activity based largely on the past experiences of and individual. According to Lazarus (1984), cognitive appraisal occurs in reaction to stress. One is the threatening tendency of the stress to the individual, and second is the evaluation of the resources that is required to minimize, tolerate or eradicate the stressor and the stress it produces. According to Lazarus, appraisal takes two forms, Primary Appraisal and Secondary Appraisal. Primary appraisal has been distinguished into irrelevant, benign-positive and stressful. Irrelevant implies when experiences not stressful, it falls within the category of irrelevant (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). The appraisal of relevancies is not themselves of great concern, but the cognitive processes by which these events are appraised. Benign-positive appraisal occurs if the outcome of encounter is constructed as positive and enhances well-being. These appraisals are characterized by positive emotions. Stress appraisal includes harm/loss, threat and challenge. In harm/loss, damage to the person is suspected. Threat concerns are the anticipated harms or lose. Challenge appraisal focus on the potential for gain or growth inherent in an encounter and they are characterized by pleasurable emotions such as eagerness, excitement, and exhilaration, whereas threat centers on the potential harms and is characterized by negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger (Lazarus Folkman, 198 4). The aim of secondary appraisal is to provide information about the individuals coping options in a situation. It has three components including problem focused coping, emotion focused coping and future expectancy. When an individual is deciding whether a situation is a threat or challenge, or he must do something to manage the situation, secondary appraisal becomes significant in order to figure out what might and can be done. Secondary appraisal activity is crucial feature of stressful encounter (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). When an individual is faced with adverse situation, something needs to be done to control it and avoid any subsequent consequences. Secondary appraisal follows primary appraisal of a situation. This necessarily includes evaluation of the situation and suitable reaction. The person than evaluate what can be done to cope with a particular situation. The reaction to the situation is decided by carefully analyzing what is at stake and what can be done to reduce negative consequences (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Cognitive Models of OCD According to OLeary (2005), the number of cognitive models describing OCD phenomenon. These illustrate the rate of dysfunctions in general cognitive processing or dysfunction in cognitive appraisal and beliefs. Salkovskis Model (1985; Wells, 1997) based on cognitive and behavioral concepts in the formulation of obsessional problems. It theorized that the importance of appraisal of intrusion as the major source of distress, rather than the content of the intrusion itself. The appraisal of the significance of intrusions is determined by underlying beliefs. Once negative appraisals of responsibility occur, the second process of initiation of neutralizing responses which may be internal or external begins. When a person neutralized the intrusive thought he attempts to reduce responsibility and discomfort. Thus, the recurrences of intrusions become more likely because responses to them result in such cognitions acquiring greater salience. Studies have found significant correlations between responsibility and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in both clinical (e.g., OCCWG, 2001) and nonclinical participants (Freeston, Ladouceur, Thibodeau, Gagnon, 1992; as cited in OLeary, 2005). According to Rachman (1998; as cited in OLeary, 2005), the catastrophic misinterpretation about the importance of unwanted thoughts made by a person increases the range and seriousness of potentially threatening stimuli. In this way numbers of neutral stimuli that were insignificant are interpreted as threatening. This transfer of the neutral stimuli and situation to potentially threatening ones increases the range of threats and therefore increases the opportunities for the provocation of obsessions. This happens with both internal as well as external cues. In internal cues, the person deduces a threat from the fact of feeling anxious. Moreover, when the patient feel anxious he interpret it as if he is losing control of self and thus there is an increased likelihood that he will act upon the unwanted impulse. Hence, the catastrophic misinterpretation of ones anxiety can interact to increase the misinterpretation of the intrusion. Neutralizing prevents exposure to any disconfirming e vidence regarding the personal significance of the intrusive thoughts. This cycle remains until the catastrophic misinterpretation is changed or reduced and the internal or external stimuli are no longer interpreted as threatening. Quality of life The World Health Organization (1994) defines Quality of Life as an individuals perception of his/her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she lives, and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad-ranging concept, compromising of the persons physical health, psychological state, social relationships, and their relationship to salient features of their environment (Hollar, 2012, p.74). Obsessive compulsive disorder may significantly affect self-care, social relationships, occupational functioning, family and marital relationships, child-rearing capacities, and use of recreations or spare time (American Psychological Association, 2007). Bobes (2001) revealed that patients with obsessive-compulsive illness had definite impairment in all domains of quality of life other than physical functioning. Similar findings emerged from the studies of Moritz (2005) and Eisen (2006), also showed that as compared to general population, OCD patients have poor health related quality of life in all domains except physical health. Few studies, however, have examined whether OCD symptom dimensions are differentially associated with impairment in functioning and Quality of life. Only one study to date has evaluated the impact of different dimensions of OCD symptoms on Quality of life. Fontenelle et al., (2010) found that whereas depression severity predicted impairment across eight domains of functioning assessed by SF-36, only hoarding and washing, but not other OCD symptom domains, predicted impairment in other areas of functioning social functioning and limitations due to physical health problems, respectively. OCD sufferers generally recognize their obsessions and compulsions as irrational, and may become further distressed by this realization. Cummins (2000) suggest that it is difficult to define Quality of Life because it can be characterized in both objective and subjective terms (as cited in Barofsky, 2012). According to Spranger Schwartz (1999), Quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept: perspective can change with the onset of major illness. With the onset of illness, individuals relevant cognitive or affective processes (e.g. in their health or lives) include making comparisons of ones situation, with others who are better or worse off. People may adjust to deteriorating circumstances because they want to feel as good as possible about themselves (Ayers, et al. 2007). According to Salkovskis (1985) the difference between the obsessive compulsive disorder patient who experience prominent distress and disturbance lies in the meaning they make out of their obsessions. However, normal individual tends to view these intrusions as meaningless and benign whereas OCD patient make catastrophic interpretation out to these cognitive intrusions. These maladaptive interpretations discriminates the OCD patients. Cognitive models of OCD implied that a thought will be distressing and repetitive depending on the meaning assigned to it, not because of the content of obsessional thoughts (Teachman, 2005). The Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) has shown that symptom severity correlates with appraisals of intrusive thoughts among individuals with OCD. In comparison with individuals who do not have OCD, those with OCD appraise unwanted intrusive thoughts as more important to control and as conveying more responsibility for preventing harm related to the thought (OCCWG, 2001). Purdon and Clark (1994) suggested that high scores on measures of OCD suggest that the individual is more likely to believe that intrusive and unwanted thought will occur in real life and will experience more guilt in reaction to those thoughts. Appraisals that one could act on the intrusive thought as well as appraisals about control, responsibility and the significance of the thought for ones personality also correlate with the OCD symptoms (as cited in Corcoran and Woody, 2007). Thus, models of Obsessive compulsive disorder showed that cognitive appraisal of unwanted intrusive thoughts will produce significant distress in patients having OCD that in turn will affect quality of life. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between Cognitive Appraisal and Psychological and Physical well-being (Coyne, Aldwin Lazarus, 1981; Harris, Heller Braddock, 1988; Jerusalem, 1993; Nezu, 1986). There is a general Conesus among research that an individual appraisal of the significance of the situation in terms of personal well-being will be a major determinant of affect (Carver et al., 1989; Harris et al., 1988; Lazarus Folkman, 1987; Lazarus, 1991; Smith Ellsworth, 1985). The way a person evaluates the significance of an event for him/her produces different emotional reaction, making some people more vulnerable to adverse effect than other (Kessler et al., 1983; as cited in Kausar, 1994). Perceived control experienced by an individual has an effect on outcome (Partridge Johnston, 1989). Increased levels of perceived personal control are associated with more favorable psychological adjustment (Folkman, 1984) and perceived lack of control on the other hand predicts psyc hological symptoms (Prime-Emberry, 1972; as cited in Kausar, 1994). How an individual appraises and copes with the stress is important to his/her well-being (Antonovsky, 1979; Lazarus 1981). According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), a fit between cognitive appraisal and coping strategies is postulated to produce a better outcome. Johnson and Kenkel (1991) concluded that appraisals of threat (Appraisal of self, holding self back) and use of coping strategies of detachment and seeking social support were associated with emotional distress. Moreover, Felsten (1991) suggested that appraisals of challenges and expectations of successful coping should be associated with lower distress and better well-being. Rassin et al. (2001; as cited in Yorulmaz, 2007) suggested that unwanted and intrusive thoughts are experienced by everyone and the difference between normal and abnormal lies in the appraisal process, frequency and distress. Therefore, the examination symptom severity and cognitive app raisal as the predictors of quality of life of OCD patients may facilitate the understanding if the distress and impairment faced by them. In OCD, primary appraisal occurs in conjunction with the intrusive thoughts associated with obsessions, and secondary appraisal leads to faulty coping (compulsions and avoidance). According to Carr (1971), patients with OCD typically overestimate the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in the context of primary appraisal (during obsessions) (as cited in Stein, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009) and they perform compulsive behaviors in order to reduce perceived threat. In term of cognitive domains, studies of patients with OCD have found an exaggerated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat, perfectionism, over importance of thoughts, need for control and intolerance of ambiguity (Rachman, 1993; Salkovskis, 1985; as cited in Sten, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009). Individuals with OCD report markedly reduced Quality of life and general well-being, diminished occupational attainment, impaired family functioning, and higher rates of suicidal thought attempts. According to Koran et al. ( 1996), severity of OCD is inversely correlated with social functioning (as cited in Simpson, Neria, Fernandaz Schneier, 2010). According to Teachman (2007), subjective cognitive complaints exacerbate the effects of obsessional beliefs, and promote maladaptive responses to intrusive thoughts thus increasing the severity of the OCD symptoms. In present study, it is intended to explore mediating role of Cognitive Appraisal on Quality of Life perceived by Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients with Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal of the disorder are expected to impair the patients functioning. Literature Review This section includes the review of the studies that investigated the studied variables that are Symptom Severity, Cognitive Appraisal and Quality of life. Kumar, Sharma, Kandavel Reddy (2012) examined the contribution of cognitive appraisals to the quality of life (QoL) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. In Cross sectional study, it was hypothesized that cognitive appraisals of obsession contribute to poor quality of life in OCD patients. Sample size was 31 consecutive patients from Behavioral Medicine Unit of the NIMHANS and 30 Normal controls. Exclusion criteria were patients having severe co morbid psychiatric, physical and neurological disorder. The assessment was done by using mini Internal Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), the YBOCS severity scale, Clinical Global Impression-severity, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Interpretation of Intrusive Inventory-31 and WHOQOL-BREF. Data was analyzed using independent t-test and chi-square test. Relationship between the domains of cognitive appraisal and the QoL after controlling for the duration of symptoms was analyzed by using Partial correlation. The resul ts indicated that all the domains of cognitive appraisal have strong negative relationship with psychological domain of QoL. Thought control and inflated personal responsibility also correlated negatively with the total QoL. Cognitive appraisal specifically contributes to poorer QoL in OCD so modification of beliefs and appraisal may be essential for better QoL. Main limitations were small size, patients were recruited from Behavioral Medicine Unit of major psychiatric hospital, and findings may not be easily generalized. Sample was predominantly male so its important to examine gender difference in cognitive appraisal and its relationship to QoL. Fontelle et al., (2010) in a study compared patients with OCD and normal on severity of different OCD dimensions and levels of QoL of patients with OCD. Further, it was also investigated the socio demographic variables and co occurring depressions and anxiety symptoms have significant contribution in impairment of QoL of OCD patient. They hypothesized that universal pattern of impairment in the physical, mental, and social aspects of quality of life of patient will be associated with more significant hoarding symptoms. The patients with the diagnosis of OCD were included; age between 18-80 years and without any other neurological, endocrinological or systematic disorder. The measures used were Saving inventory revised (SI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R), Medical Outcome Study 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Chi-square and independent student t-test was used for the comparison of categorical a nd continuous variables respectively. The patient who met the inclusion criteria was 135 out of which 65 were patients, and 70 were controls. The result supported the hypothesize only partially, the decline in particular aspects of patients QoL was significantly associated with hoarding and washing symptoms for but co occurring symptoms, the most prominent determinant of the impairment of QoL of subject with OCD were depressive and anxious ones. The study had limitations that sample was taken from specialized institutions, second control group was of nonclinical individuals, rating on depression scale and QoL Instrument may be dependent on state and change during continuity of OCD, they applied generic tool for measuring QoL in OCD. Teachman (2007) studied subjective concerns about cognitive decline partially mediate this relationship between obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms across young and older adult age group in a large community sample. The sample size was 335 including males and females. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire and Memory Functioning Questionnaire were used. This study attempted to evaluate the modification of cognitive model proposed by Rachman and Salkovskis. The results provide support to cognitive models of obsessions and suggest that obsessional beliefs that have been validated in younger adult samples are also important for older adults. It was shown that the relationship among subjective cognitive concerns, obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms was consisted but older patients showed greater subjective cognitive concerns, Grant et al. (2006) carried out a study to find out the differences of OCD patients with primary OCD and sexual obsessions and OCD patients without sexual obsession on number of clinical variables. They included co morbidity, symptom severity, insight, quality of life, and social and occupational functioning under the clinical domains. 293 subjects, meting criteria for OCD, aged 19 years or older were included and interviewed. Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorder, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) to assess OCD symptom severity, Subject Clinical Global Improvement scale was used to evaluate the response towards medication. Rating on the degree to which previous treatments have proved to be effective was taken on 7 point scale. Brown assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) was used to evaluate the insight and current Depressive symptom and QOL by were assessed by using 17-item Hamilton Rating scale for Depression and Quality of life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionn aire respectively. The findings supported the hypothesize that earlier age of OCD, presiding entry in treatment, increased rate of aggressive and religious obsession onset was related to having OCD with sexual obsessions, and also with increaser depressive symptoms, longer duration of treatment, and higher rates of impulse control disorder. Teachman, Woody and Magee (2006) attempted to evaluate cognitive theories of obsessions and they experimentally manipulated appraisals of the importance of intrusive thoughts. The design contained both experimental and quasi-experimental elements. Implicit Association Test was used to examine the influence of instructions about the importance versus meaninglessness of unwanted thoughts on reaction time. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory III, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form, State Self-Esteem Scale, and Personal Significance Scale were the part of study. Results indicated that the manipulation shifted implicit appraisals of unwanted thoughts in the expected direction, but not self-evaluation of morality or dangerousness. Interestingly, explicit self-esteem and beliefs about the significance of unwanted thoughts were associated wit the measure of OCD beliefs, whereas implicit self-evaluations of danger ousness were better predicted by the interaction of pre-existing OCD beliefs with the manipulation. Libby et al., (2004) studied Cognitive Appraisals in young people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The study had two aims to investigate whether the same pattern of cognitive appraisal found in studies with adults will be observed in the younger population. A secondary aim of the study was to establish the relationship between cognitive appraisal and the extent these predict obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Three groups of young people aged between 11 and 18 years old were recruited for the study. First group were of patients with OCD, second was patient with anxiety disorder and third one was non clinical group. Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version, Responsibility Attitude Scale, thought-Action Fusion Scale, and Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was used n the study. The young people with OCD had significantly higher scores on inflated responsibility, thought-action fusion, and one aspect of perfectionism, concern over mistakes, than the other groups. In addition, inflated responsibility independently predicted OCD symptom severity. The results generally supported the cognitive appraisals held by adults with OCD to young people with the disorder. Saxena et al., (2010) conducted a research to compare compulsive hoarding and non compulsive hoarding OCD patients across variety of QoL domains. They hypothesized that hoarders would be older and have lower FAF scores than non hoarding OCD patients. Secondly, hoarding patients would be less satisfied with their living situations, given their amount of clutter, and hoarders would have greater victimization/ safety concerns and finally hoarders would have greater financial problems and receive more social service assistance than non-hoarding OCD patients. To study this171 adult patients were selected (84 males, 87 females) with age aged 18-72. They were diagnosed OCD and treated openly between 1998 and 2005. Out of these patient 34 met criteria of having compulsive hoarding syndrome. 137 patients didnt report any hoarding symptoms. Patient presented with a wide range of co morbid diagnosis. Those with active psychosis, mania, dementia, mental retardation or other cognitive impairment were excluded. Standardized rating scales were used to assess symptom severity and level of functioning. YBOCS was used to measure OCD symptom severity. Severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by 28 item Hamilton Depression rating scale (HDRS-28) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) respectively. QoL was assessed with Lehman Quality of Life Interview Short. Obtained scores for QoL between 2 groups were compared using Analysis of Variance procedures. ANCOVA were performed with covariates and also for secondary analysis on individual items. Results showed that compulsive hoarders were significantly older that non hoarding OCD patients. QoL scores on victimization and safety factors differed significant between 2 groups. Hoarder felt less safe in streets and less satisfied with protection. Both groups had significant occupational impairment, unemployment and disability. Discrepancy in sample size between 2 patient groups and intensive patient setting were the limitation s of study. Eisen et al., (2006) conducted a study to assess multiple aspects of QoL in individuals with OCD. It was hypothesized that all aspects of QoL would be affected, and that severity of OCD symptoms and depressive symptoms would be associated with impairment in QoL. 5 years prospective naturalistic study was conducted on 197 participants with an age 18 years or older, primary OCD. An exclusion criterion was having an organic mental disorder. YBOCS, Brown assessment of Belief scale, Modified Hamilton rating scale for Depression, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Occupational Functioning assessment scale, Medical outcome survey 36-item short form Health Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was conducted to assess relationship between clinical features of OCD and QoL. Results showed that YBOCS score of 20 appeared to be an inflection point where QoL becomes significantly more impaired, suggesting that functioning and QoL, may be preserved in individu als with OCD until threshold of severity is crossed. Limitations of the study were participants seeking treatment and therefore finding may not apply to those individuals who do not seek treatment. Moreover, subjects were evaluated only once. It was suggested that the role of treatment in improving QoL in OCD should be further investigated along with a need to assess which aspect of QoL and psychological functioning. Guraraj et al., (2008) conducted research in which they hypothesized that patients suffering from severe OCD may have comparable level of global functioning, family burden and QoL and disability with patient suffering from schizophrenia. 70 subjects from National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience gave informed consent. Inclusion criteria were (a) a primary diagnosis of DSM IV OCD/schizophrenia (b) continuous illness for the previous 2 year (c) Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of > 4 (d) availability of a primary care giver involved in patient care for 2 years Mini-international Neuropsychiatry Interview was conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), World Health Organization (WHO-Quality of life (QOL)(BREF Version), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-II (WHO-DAS-II). Family Burden Schedule (FBS) were used to assess global functioning, quality of life and disability. ANCOVA was employed with age of onset and duration of illne ss as covariate for comparison of family burden, QoL and disability between 2 groups. Pearson correlation between socio demographic/ clinical variable, family accommodation and functioning with family burden were performed. The results demonstrated that severe OCD is associated with significant impairment in functioning and severe family burden and disability. QoL was poor and severe OCD and schizophrenia are often associated with comparable disability, family burden and poor QoL. Huppert et al., (2009) compared the QoL of OCD patients with functioning of matched healthy controls. They hypothesized that OCD patients in remission would report similar QoL and functioning matched healthy controls (HCs), while individuals with OCD would report poorer QoL and functional impairment. Additional prediction was that OCD patients and comorbid psychiatric disorder would report the worst QoL and functional impairment. Finally, Individuals with a history of OCD (current or past) increased severity of OCD would be related to decrease in QoL and increased functional impairment, even when controlling for depression. 66 comprised the current sample. 36 HCs were included. They were matched on age, sex and ethnicity. Stru